普林斯頓大學(xué)的研究人員研究了普通東方大黃蜂,以了解社會隔離如何影響行為和大腦發(fā)育。
指南者留學(xué)
2022-07-12 14:00:41
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEAkcGga64CYMaYtJa3S6Kh"><span class="p"><strong>一項新的研究表明,社會隔離改變了大黃蜂的行為和大腦發(fā)育,但并沒有以研究人員預(yù)期的方式改變。被隔離的大黃蜂通過后來變得更加社交來彌補這一點。</strong></span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCSOeiIkigEg0eqzW1YOPTc"><span class="p">該研究探討了大黃蜂如何受到關(guān)鍵發(fā)育時期社會孤立的影響,大黃蜂在很大程度上取決于其生存的社會本能。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoq42ICAI4OA8YNTLV8rQDf"><span class="p">研究人員驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn),這些孤立的蜜蜂長成了社會蝴蝶,表現(xiàn)出親和或“友好”行為的增加 - 與他們預(yù)測的相反。詳細介紹結(jié)果的論文于5月17日發(fā)表在《當代生物學(xué)》上。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUakQiwIe4emU4Uvt4bcZ3b"><span class="p">該團隊由生態(tài)學(xué)和進化生物學(xué)助理教授Sarah Kocher以及Lewis-Sigler綜合基因組學(xué)研究所領(lǐng)導(dǎo),對三組大黃蜂進行了一系列測試。一些蜜蜂被隔離,一些留在原來的殖民地(殖民地飼養(yǎng)),一些被安置在一小群蜜蜂(群體飼養(yǎng))中。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8smiUIWsEC20AnklDOutJf"><span class="p">研究小組預(yù)計,正如之前在各種生物體中所顯示的那樣,被社會孤立的大黃蜂將表現(xiàn)出更具侵略性的行為,并且與社會伴侶的互動更少。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSUQMq2eGKYKuSUm7w6WB9e"><span class="p">“與此相反,我們沒有看到大黃蜂的攻擊性行為增加,”Kocher實驗室的博士后研究員Yan Wang說。“事實上,我們看到關(guān)聯(lián)行為總體上有所增加。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmoYoIqseYUG0OIzyFjeLod"><span class="p">研究大黃蜂的大腦發(fā)育可以為有關(guān)大腦發(fā)育和社會性進化的更廣泛問題提供關(guān)鍵見解。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmCAOukCqis0Ua8OpQNCl0f"><span class="p">“由于昆蟲和脊椎動物共享一個共同的進化祖先,許多相同的分子機制塑造了這兩個群體的大腦,”Kocher說。“因此,我們在蜜蜂身上的許多發(fā)現(xiàn)也可能延伸到脊椎動物身上。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCoEwK2q2ykYu4IxLyfVCzd"><span class="p">這就是為什么擁有神經(jīng)科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的Wang有興趣加入這個項目的原因。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnagmCCeY6WUk6W4aGycNaSh"><span class="p">“大黃蜂已經(jīng)成為開發(fā)許多用于研究社會性以及腦科學(xué)的尖端工具的絕佳候選者,”王說。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUsuIaEKY2eW8OUJr7fq1af"><span class="p">另一個令人驚訝的轉(zhuǎn)折是,比較單獨飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂與一組蜜蜂的大腦發(fā)育的結(jié)果驚人地相似,表明只有少數(shù)其他蜜蜂可以與之互動,足以使它們發(fā)展出與整個蜂群相同水平的社交技能。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOEQ2Kig4oo4way2YjMskPd"><span class="p">然而,根據(jù)Wang的說法,這些分離出的蜜蜂的結(jié)果“到處都是”,并且在大腦各個區(qū)域的大小和基因表達方面比研究人員預(yù)期的要隨機得多。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnicUiGUaOw2eMw9KNK6Z5Cc"><span class="p">“我們的研究結(jié)果表明,在沒有這種社會環(huán)境的情況下,大腦如何發(fā)育存在某種可控的混亂,”王說。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUikKCSy0MUAAYBzQu7CQ8c"><span class="p">研究人員還確定了六個基因,這些基因在分離的蜜蜂的大腦中與群體和殖民地飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂不同,其中幾個涉及與人類和其他脊椎動物相同的分子機制。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2cioWSu20a2igRa5oC2OYc"><span class="p">目前,該團隊對孤立的大黃蜂的社會性水平提高的主要假設(shè)是,他們從未學(xué)會如何<em>不對</em>他人做出反應(yīng)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn80IWWYk8kik8GuYW4fLYAb"><span class="p">“在擁擠的大黃蜂蜂巢中,即使旁邊有另一只大黃蜂,你也需要能夠繼續(xù)做你正在做的事情,這是有道理的,”物理學(xué)研究生Grace McKenzie-Smith說。“因此,社會發(fā)展可能涉及學(xué)習(xí)何時不對另一只蜜蜂的存在做出反應(yīng)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoc8E6uMqIAeMw7IfZqGJTh"><span class="p">這只是一個假設(shè),要真正了解這一點,就需要更多的研究。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnW2Mok6ceWoIM65GlYzFb3d"><span class="p">Kocher說,這項研究也為了解蜜蜂和其他傳粉媒介如何受到氣候變化的影響開辟了一條道路。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwiU4MUyUQ6sQeJE4gvnmgb"><span class="p">“環(huán)境的變化,社會或其他方面,都會對行為產(chǎn)生令人驚訝的影響,”Kocher說。“更大的框架是了解意想不到的環(huán)境變化如何塑造行為,以及這如何影響傳粉媒介對氣候變化的反應(yīng)。</span></div>
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<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnyIUC66IKqEk08L5xW6kU5g"><span class="p"><strong>來自運動映射軟件的協(xié)助</strong></span></h2>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMWQUYgWomC0qKoaTvhOhvh"><span class="p">弄清楚如何在一個狹小的實驗室里單獨容納300多只蜜蜂是一個挑戰(zhàn),團隊在找到一個可行的設(shè)置之前,經(jīng)歷了多次反復(fù)試驗和錯誤。他們最終得到的是一個結(jié)構(gòu),研究人員開始稱之為蜜蜂酒店。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcns82uGKC8kUMyAfTbpz096E"><span class="p">每只大黃蜂都被安置在自己的私人空間里——一個堆疊在一起的其他小盒子中的一個小盒子。該結(jié)構(gòu)使每只蜜蜂或一小群蜜蜂免受其他居民可能發(fā)出的視覺,聲音,氣味或振動信號引起的任何干擾。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIMAAuKqo28k6gLPAt0jexf" style="text-align: center;"><span class="h6">研究人員將大黃蜂單獨放入小盤子中,并在隔離后成對放置,以分析它們的行為。他們在紅外光下觀察大黃蜂,蜜蜂看不到。 </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIMAAuKqo28k6gLPAt0jexf" style="text-align: center;"><span class="h6">攝影:Sameer <em>A. Khan/Fotobuddy</em></span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4kygWIcO8S8CCEwzcC16rh" style="text-align: center;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCs8YkwsgS8UcSidHOkfLWc"><span class="p">經(jīng)過精心安排的九天住宿后,該團隊開始收集所有三類蜜蜂的數(shù)據(jù)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMgwcqo4ikw4gKuFTXq9uug"><span class="p">他們進行了測試,分析了蜜蜂大腦各個區(qū)域的基因表達和物理大小,并將蜜蜂放置在培養(yǎng)皿中,以單獨和成對地監(jiān)測它們的行為。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6yKuqc4Gg6mwUHZAwvoiee"><span class="p">由于普林斯頓大學(xué)開發(fā)了一種名為SLEAP(Social LEAP估計動物姿勢)的革命性新姿勢跟蹤軟件,研究人員能夠定量分析蜜蜂的行為。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4g88Qwq8wAUuOWg1zcriPc"><span class="p">“如果沒有SLEAP,我們將不得不手工完成所有分析,”McKenzie-Smith說,他負責(zé)該項目的大部分數(shù)據(jù)分析。“當你這樣做的時候,你引入了很多人類的偏見。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwaEqWumogIy6oVuyYJGixd"><span class="p">該軟件是普林斯頓大學(xué)教授Joshua Shaevitz(物理學(xué)教授,Lewis-Sigler Integrative Genomics研究所)和神經(jīng)科學(xué)教授Mala Murthy團隊合作創(chuàng)建的,其工作方式是首先讓研究人員將視頻饋送到它應(yīng)該跟蹤的動物的軟件中。然后,它使用人工智能來識別各種身體部位,并為每個身體部位提供逐幀像素坐標。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSmsAu2Sic2sAgRoXV5Pzfd"><span class="p">在蜜蜂的身體部位被識別出來后,研究人員使用名為Motion Mapper的軟件,這是Shaevitz和Murthy合作的早期開發(fā),從身體部位位置提取動態(tài)信息。這種技術(shù)使它們不僅可以了解蜜蜂四肢的位置,還可以了解蜜蜂如何移動。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnU8yew4OeikGE4UZTLltPVd"><span class="p">“能夠拍攝原始視頻并在以后人工標記不同的身體部位,使這個工具非常通用,在社交,多動物的背景下,我們真的非常令人興奮,”王說。</span></div>
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<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKEwQcskMec6c637XtM7aGe"><span class="p"><strong>需要思考的問題</strong></span></h2>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnw4EEO2coAGGweOtitmisQh"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqeqWg4MqWqOGCeBMyYms2b"><span class="p">研究人員在使用這項技術(shù)時觀察到的附屬行為的一個例子是蜜蜂在彼此的頭部和身體上摩擦觸角,這種活動稱為<em>天線。</em></span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGQOwC28kIaisy08kwIvvkg"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnOs6QMIgUCUqwGclaEky69e"><span class="p">“在蜂群中長大的蜜蜂通常會在這種面對面的定向中花費大量時間,”Kocher說。“這是一個非常重要的化學(xué)線索。當它們觸摸觸角時,它們實際上是在來回傳遞化學(xué)信息,這樣它們就可以知道蟻群中的其他人是誰。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWgAIYy6wYgqI6cj9ienl7Y"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIy4mMMeGsySYsvUhNdSz9c"><span class="p">被隔離的蜜蜂,當被重新引入另一只蜜蜂時,這樣做的頻率遠遠高于整個社會群體中飼養(yǎng)的蜜蜂。他們以一種不尋常的方式做到了這一點,在他們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ソ佑|方面有更多的變化。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6QsSesCQqCuGaiyEz5z4wg"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYSYEmS86KamWsvmEHDlhrd"><span class="p">“你可以想到的一種方式是想象你來和我握手,但我沒有和你的手握手,而是試圖握住你的膝蓋,”科赫說。“對于具有社交經(jīng)驗的蜜蜂來說,這并不是一種有意義的社交互動。所以我認為這是這項研究中得出的一個非常有趣的見解。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQOooc6sqYiqiUdDzh4yULY"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2Oc0ceUSsYqQ0iW6GPXwzc"><span class="p">從SLEAP獲得的行為數(shù)據(jù),以及對蜜蜂基因表達和大腦發(fā)育的分析,得出了令人驚訝的答案,給Kocher留下了很多值得思考的問題。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQYSsSEEOCWsKKCv6MqEGPe"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMSEcmcSwu4Ic4IxStgPKyc"><span class="p">由于隔離而增加的社交互動在社會昆蟲中很常見嗎?這種增長是由于缺乏學(xué)習(xí)如何回應(yīng)社會伙伴,還是因為蜜蜂從未學(xué)會如何避免負面互動?在發(fā)育的九天期間,這些變化何時發(fā)生,這些變化是永久性的嗎?它們是可逆的嗎?</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqSe2cC8GqaEuQdVFyRO3Bd"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4ga4EcAUeOUkWKEKw8YSQg"><span class="p">所有這些都是這個項目提出的問題,Kocher認為可能值得進一步探索。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQ2qgWmqEKWGkt1TmaHkkkX"><span class="p">“我感興趣的一件事就是類似的實驗,但在蜂巢中,”McKenzie-Smith說。“大黃蜂蜂箱具有復(fù)雜的3D結(jié)構(gòu),這使得成像它們變得非常困難,但現(xiàn)在計算機實驗室正在使用一些技術(shù)可以解決這個問題。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwMokuYMW2UyaKIgfZmnM8n"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEeguM6c8sgooeModvkGKgb"><span class="p">根據(jù)McKenzie-Smith的說法,像這樣的項目可能是有價值的,以便了解大黃蜂的社會行為如何在大黃蜂中更自然地發(fā)展,以及它如何在它們的一生中發(fā)展。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8CwgGY0mUQIo4Q3RuM2opc"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcneYsoQkCGsUOuAzk2rJWOMg"><span class="p">該研究由Z. Yan Wang,Grace C. McKenzie-Smith,Weijie Liu,Hyo Jin Cho,Talmo Pereira,Zahra Dhanerawala,Joshua W. Shaevitz和Sarah D. Kocher于2022年5月17日發(fā)表在《當代生物學(xué)》(第32卷,第12期)雜志上,<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.066" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.066</a>。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYMikSaAcO2aqQVtMsSJISe"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIW4WsEgE8Smki8c1XpWB1f"><span class="p">這項工作得到了美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院(NIH)撥款NIH R01 NS10489,U19 NS104648和1DP2GM137424-01,普林斯頓催化倡議和Lewis-Sigler綜合基因組學(xué)研究所的支持。這項工作也得到了美國國家科學(xué)基金會通過生物功能物理中心(PHY-1734030)的部分支持。</span></div>
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