氣候變化新聞報(bào)道中的錯(cuò)誤平衡使解決危機(jī)變得更加困難
指南者留學(xué)
2022-07-22 15:42:13
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKew2Cw4SOySsSubPD1nEzf" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">西北大學(xué)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新聞業(yè)中的“兩邊主義”破壞了科學(xué)</span></div>
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<div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcnUYkGoWSYiiSEkhVvyfdPKd" style="text-align: justify;" data-type="image" data-ace-gallery-json="{"items":[{"uuid":"33b455fd-a959-4878-b4b4-26cc78199653","height":650,"width":970,"currHeight":650,"currWidth":970,"natrualHeight":650,"natrualWidth":970,"pluginName":"imageUpload","scale":1,"src":"https%3A%2F%2Finternal-api-drive-stream.feishu.cn%2Fspace%2Fapi%2Fbox%2Fstream%2Fdownload%2Fall%2Fboxcn0GK882I5PaHJS5OyBBU1Yf%2F%3Fmount_node_token%3DdoxcnUYkGoWSYiiSEkhVvyfdPKd%26mount_point%3Ddocx_image","file_token":"boxcn0GK882I5PaHJS5OyBBU1Yf","image_type":"image/jpeg","size":193996,"comments":[]}]}"><span class="p"><img src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1658735316929/1658735316929.png" width="808" height="541" /></span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcncS0OY2iU2O8oCgme27Xcih" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">新聞媒體并不總是以科學(xué)家認(rèn)為應(yīng)得的緊迫感來(lái)報(bào)道氣候變化</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcns8IkmckOmkEAGEDN37Osug" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">媒體報(bào)道氣候變化與報(bào)道COVID-19有什么共同之處?每一種都是媒體實(shí)踐“兩面派”的一個(gè)例子,即記者努力呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)問(wèn)題的兩面,即使在大多數(shù)可信消息來(lái)源都落在一邊的情況下。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn4eGqYsCeiISg0aZyCHoyCg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">西北大學(xué)(Northwestern University)的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩邊主義——也被稱(chēng)為虛假平衡報(bào)道——可能會(huì)損害公眾區(qū)分事實(shí)和虛構(gòu)的能力,并導(dǎo)致觀眾懷疑關(guān)于氣候變化等緊迫社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)的科學(xué)共識(shí)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnAsCw2Yu0qeSACLNmGxhG14" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“本周歐洲毀滅性的熱浪提醒我們,我們需要采取緊急行動(dòng)來(lái)減緩人為引起的變暖,但媒體仍在向那些不相信有理由引起恐慌的人的意見(jiàn)提供空氣,這使得問(wèn)題看起來(lái)不像實(shí)際情況那么可怕,”大衛(wèi)拉普說(shuō)。 西北大學(xué)教育與社會(huì)政策學(xué)院(SESP)的心理學(xué)家和教授,他與人合著了這項(xiàng)研究。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaea2akQOgUsyQ1OUifk0Qd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">研究人員表示,氣候變化不是人為的這一論點(diǎn)一次又一次地被科學(xué)無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議地反駁,但許多美國(guó)人認(rèn)為,全球危機(jī)要么不是真實(shí)的,不是我們制造的,要么兩者兼而有之,部分原因是新聞媒體以平衡報(bào)道的名義為氣候變化否認(rèn)者提供了一個(gè)平臺(tái)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWaQiSqewmQca0E24B0r6Ng" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">在這項(xiàng)研究中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),錯(cuò)誤平衡的報(bào)告會(huì)讓人們懷疑在氣候變化等問(wèn)題上的科學(xué)共識(shí),有時(shí)甚至讓他們懷疑一個(gè)問(wèn)題是否值得認(rèn)真對(duì)待。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnio0GEWYq8OGK64Fxi8wBIh" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">拉普說(shuō),關(guān)于戴口罩防止COVID-19傳播的功效的辯論是另一個(gè)相關(guān)的例子。醫(yī)生們普遍認(rèn)為這是有益的,但提高少數(shù)不同意的人的聲音可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不必要的混亂。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnyC8i6I0Q0iakaolTo7WKTd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“氣候變化是假平衡問(wèn)題的一個(gè)很好的案例研究,因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)共識(shí)幾乎是一致的。如果99名醫(yī)生說(shuō)你需要手術(shù)來(lái)挽救你的生命,但其中一人不同意,那么你可能會(huì)聽(tīng)99,“拉普說(shuō)。“但我們經(jīng)??吹揭晃粴夂蚩茖W(xué)家與一位氣候否認(rèn)者或倒下者對(duì)立,就好像這是50-50的分裂一樣。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcneG0YcAiSyIkEyuE9ZWV9Vf" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">為了進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究,研究人員進(jìn)行了三項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn),以測(cè)試當(dāng)關(guān)于氣候變化的兩種立場(chǎng)被呈現(xiàn)為同樣有效的觀點(diǎn)時(shí),人們會(huì)如何反應(yīng),即使一方是基于科學(xué)共識(shí),而另一方不是。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaeuoiAGAykOeawnbaoQGqh" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“當(dāng)提出論點(diǎn)的雙方時(shí),人們對(duì)科學(xué)共識(shí)的估計(jì)往往較低,似乎不太可能相信氣候變化是值得擔(dān)心的事情,”拉普說(shuō)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0cWm4wAYUwWkIRFD8cgTwg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">他說(shuō),提出看似平等的一面可能會(huì)引發(fā)三個(gè)有問(wèn)題的結(jié)果之一:懷疑是否達(dá)成共識(shí);對(duì)什么是真的感到困惑;并且傾向于選擇更能安撫的選擇,即“有人認(rèn)為氣候變化不是值得擔(dān)心的事情,所以我不會(huì)擔(dān)心。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn84SuGqsU40swpMOXZQiVNI" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">這項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)了一些記者和新聞編輯室領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人多年來(lái)一直提出的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。拉普還研究了記憶,他在這一領(lǐng)域的工作解釋了為什么我們可能容易受到媒體中發(fā)現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤信息的影響,即使它被呈現(xiàn)為觀點(diǎn)而不是事實(shí)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnAuUQGUmeOAKK8rK5FMbtRu" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“人們認(rèn)為他們能輕易回憶起的任何事情都可能是真的。如果這是媒體鸚鵡學(xué)舌或給平臺(tái)的虛假或誤導(dǎo)性信息,那么如果它以后再次出現(xiàn),這個(gè)人仍然會(huì)給予它權(quán)重,因?yàn)樗麄円郧奥?tīng)過(guò)一次,“拉普說(shuō)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnQGCEga8qqKmgIftotlYvQv" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">為了打破這種循環(huán),Rapp和研究合著者M(jìn)egan Imundo,18歲,前西北大學(xué)本科生,現(xiàn)在是加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的博士生,他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)有前途的策略,新聞編輯室的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者可以用來(lái)幫助讀者,即使“雙方都”被提出:強(qiáng)調(diào)氣候變化專(zhuān)家的更廣泛共識(shí),減少了研究參與者對(duì)氣候變化否認(rèn)者的權(quán)重。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2Cg8yu8mYuQ0QLsTouwLVh" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">“如果你能提醒人們共識(shí)的觀點(diǎn),他們就會(huì)接受它并使用它,”拉普說(shuō)。</span></div>
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