9月12日,2024年“搞笑諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)”在麻省理工學(xué)院頒發(fā)
指南者留學(xué)
2024-09-14 17:13:52
閱讀量:1019
<p style="text-wrap: wrap;">當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間12日,2024年“搞笑諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)”(Ig Nobel Prize)在美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)頒發(fā),得獎(jiǎng)研究包括“發(fā)現(xiàn)哺乳動(dòng)物可通過(guò)肛門呼吸”“觀察死鱒魚(yú)游泳能力”“許多以壽命最長(zhǎng)而聞名的人生活在出生和死亡記錄保存不善的地方”等十項(xiàng)研究。</p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">搞笑諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)(IgNobel Prizes)是<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">對(duì)</strong><a class="wireless_inner_link" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; color: var(--link-color);" href="https://baike.weixin.qq.com/m/fullLemma?lid=96830&g_ut=3" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-lemma-id="96830"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)</strong></a><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">的有趣模仿</strong>。其名稱來(lái)自Ignoble(不名譽(yù)的)和Nobel Prize(諾貝爾獎(jiǎng))的結(jié)合。主辦方為科學(xué)幽默雜志(Annals of Improbable</p>
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<p>Research,AIR),評(píng)委中有些是真正的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主。其目的是選出那些“乍看之下令人發(fā)笑,之后發(fā)人深省”的從1991年開(kāi)始,每年頒獎(jiǎng)一次。入選“搞笑”版諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的科學(xué)成果必須不同尋常,能激發(fā)人們對(duì)科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和技術(shù)的興趣從1991年開(kāi)始,每年頒獎(jiǎng)一次。入選“搞笑”版諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的科學(xué)成果必須不同尋常,能激發(fā)人們對(duì)科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和技術(shù)的興趣。頒獎(jiǎng)儀式每年十月,在諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)?lì)C獎(jiǎng)前一至兩周舉行,地點(diǎn)為哈佛大學(xué)的桑德斯劇場(chǎng)(Sanders</p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: 'PingFang SC', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; float: none; display: inline;">Theater)。</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #41acbd;"><strong>獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)有多搞笑呢?</strong></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left;"><strong>超級(jí)長(zhǎng)壽的人,真的存在嗎?</strong></p>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">人終有一死,區(qū)別只在于早死或晚死,但</span><span style="font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>有些人怎么會(huì)這么晚</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">?</span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;"> </span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">我們總能聽(tīng)聞一些特殊的</span><span style="font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>“藍(lán)色地區(qū)”</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">,比如意大利的撒丁島、希臘的伊卡利亞島以及著名的日本沖繩島。這些地方的人似乎格外長(zhǎng)壽,許多人可以活到100歲以上。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),有大量研究圍繞這些人以及他們所在的“藍(lán)色地區(qū)”展開(kāi),試圖探索他們長(zhǎng)壽的奧秘。畢竟,誰(shuí)不想活得更久些呢?</span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;"> </span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">這些研究的確總結(jié)了一些與長(zhǎng)壽有關(guān)的預(yù)測(cè)性因素,比如強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)關(guān)系、高蔬菜攝入量以及某些遺傳特征——基本上也是我們的普遍共識(shí)。但英國(guó)牛津大學(xué)的索爾·賈斯汀·紐曼(Saul Justin Newman)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些與既定共識(shí)不一致的情況:</span><span style="font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>在意大利、英國(guó)和法國(guó)等地,貧困、人均收入低以及所在地區(qū)犯罪率高的人,壽命反而更長(zhǎng)</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">。</span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;"> </span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">令人不安的結(jié)論驅(qū)動(dòng)著紐曼更深入地研究人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),他最終發(fā)現(xiàn)每個(gè)“藍(lán)色地區(qū)”的數(shù)據(jù)都存在大量錯(cuò)誤,比如,只有極少的百歲老人擁有出生證明;多數(shù)長(zhǎng)壽者的生日都在可以被5整除的日期;而這些地區(qū)的養(yǎng)老金欺詐也極為盛行。紐曼認(rèn)為,極端高齡記錄在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上只是</span><span style="font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>一場(chǎng)空談</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red;">。</span></section>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong> 生活在南半球,發(fā)旋方向會(huì)相反嗎? </strong></p>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">頭上的每一根毛發(fā)都是寶貴的財(cái)富,它們的每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都很重要——當(dāng)然也包括旋轉(zhuǎn)的方向。</span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;"> </span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">我們都知道,在地球自轉(zhuǎn)的影響下,南半球和北半球的龍卷風(fēng)通常是</span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">的,那么類似的原理會(huì)不會(huì)也影響到我們頭頂發(fā)旋的方向呢?</span></section>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1728550874603/1728550874603.jpg" width="611" height="814" /></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">為此,研究者特地統(tǒng)計(jì)了三類兒童的發(fā)旋方向:法國(guó)巴黎的普通兒童(代表北半球),智利圣地亞哥的普通兒童(代表南半球),和出生在巴黎的37對(duì)雙胞胎。</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">結(jié)果顯示</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">,雙胞胎的發(fā)旋方向都相同,這可能暗示了遺傳因素的重要影響。</span></p>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">同時(shí),雖然南北半球的大多數(shù)人發(fā)旋都是順時(shí)針?lè)较虻?,?lt;/span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>南半球逆時(shí)針?lè)较虬l(fā)旋的比例更高</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">,或許意味著環(huán)境也會(huì)影響發(fā)旋的方向。</span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;"> </span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">至于發(fā)旋是不是像龍卷風(fēng)一樣,受地轉(zhuǎn)偏向力的影響,“坦白說(shuō),我不認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)合理的假設(shè),”作者說(shuō)道。</span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">拋硬幣時(shí),兩面向上的概率不相等</span></strong></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">這個(gè)研究的起因是一群無(wú)聊的科學(xué)家聚在一起,用46種不同的硬幣拋了350 757次。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),拋出的硬幣落下后,向上的那一面和硬幣拋出前的初始面相同的概率略高,<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;">約為51%</span>。也就是說(shuō),假如你將硬幣拋離手中時(shí),它是正面向上,那最終硬幣落下時(shí),<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">其正面向上的概率更高,反之亦然</span>。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn),一些人拋硬幣得到和起始面相同的那一面的概率更高;而另一些人則更接近理論值,即得到兩面的概率都是50%。 </span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">其實(shí)他們這是在驗(yàn)證數(shù)學(xué)家佩爾西?戴康尼斯(Persi Diaconis)和同事在</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">2007年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)論文</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">中,關(guān)于拋硬幣概率的一個(gè)理論。這篇論文指出,很多人拋出的硬幣,在空中旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)角動(dòng)量矢量并不是平行于地面的,而是存在進(jìn)動(dòng)(precession),這便會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們拋出的硬幣落回手中時(shí),</span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>向上的那一面與拋出時(shí)向上的那一面相同的概率略高</strong></span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">。</span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;"> </span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">換成比較“人話”的解釋就是,不是概率論不存在了,只是你硬幣拋得不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。想詳細(xì)了解具體原理和物理過(guò)程,</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">可以看看我們之前的報(bào)道</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">。</span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">哺乳動(dòng)物可以用屁股呼吸 </span></strong></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">如果肺不好用了,或許還可以考慮一下<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>用屁股呼吸</strong></span>。一群日本科學(xué)家在足以致死的低氧環(huán)境中,向小鼠的肛門注入純氧,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的存活時(shí)間比未做處理的小鼠長(zhǎng)了不少,而如果注入溶解了氧氣的全氟萘烷,它們能堅(jiān)持的時(shí)間還更長(zhǎng)!接著這些科學(xué)家又<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>在豬身上重復(fù)了這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)</strong></span>,也得到了類似的結(jié)果。</span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1728551001740/1728551001740.png" width="597" height="597" /></span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">這是因?yàn)楦邼舛鹊难?,可以滲入腸道末端的毛細(xì)血管,從而參與血液循環(huán)。其實(shí),<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>自然界里一些動(dòng)物,早就開(kāi)始用屁股呼吸了</strong></span>,比如泥鰍。它們腸道末端只有非常薄的一層上皮細(xì)胞,其下遍布了大量的毛細(xì)血管和紅細(xì)胞,因此在低氧環(huán)境下,它們可以在水中獲取從肛門進(jìn)入的氧氣來(lái)輔助呼吸。</span></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"></section>
<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">但這項(xiàng)研究的目的,其實(shí)是為了未來(lái)能在臨床上開(kāi)發(fā)輔助呼吸的技術(shù)。人類腸道末端的結(jié)構(gòu)與豬和鼠類似,理論上說(shuō)上述實(shí)驗(yàn)也有望在人身上復(fù)現(xiàn),而全氟化合物已在臨床上被用于肺內(nèi)治療,對(duì)人體來(lái)說(shuō)較為安全。 </span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">將鴿子塞進(jìn)導(dǎo)彈 </span></strong></section>
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<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">今年的搞笑諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)和平獎(jiǎng)?lì)C給了美國(guó)著名的心理學(xué)家B. F. 斯金納(B. F. Skinner),但頗具諷刺意味的是,獲獎(jiǎng)理由是“</span><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>因?yàn)樘剿髁藢⒒铠澃仓迷趯?dǎo)彈內(nèi)以引導(dǎo)導(dǎo)彈飛行的可行性</strong></span><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">”。</span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';"> </span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">在20世紀(jì)40年代初,原本負(fù)責(zé)制導(dǎo)導(dǎo)彈的裝置非常笨重,沒(méi)有多少空間用來(lái)放置炸藥。斯金納想到,像鴿子這樣的鳥(niǎo)類天生就有很強(qiáng)的導(dǎo)航能力,為何不加以利用?于是,他在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里設(shè)計(jì)了一種新型控制系統(tǒng),試圖“駕馭”那些鴿子。他發(fā)現(xiàn)三只鴿子會(huì)成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的導(dǎo)引系統(tǒng),</span><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>以防一只鴿子在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻分心或發(fā)生其他意外情況</strong></span><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">。</span></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">斯金納甚至一度感嘆道,鴿子比在委員會(huì)任職的物理學(xué)家還要容易控制。1944年,斯金納終于有機(jī)會(huì)為一個(gè)由頂尖科學(xué)家組成的委員會(huì)演示了“鴿子計(jì)劃”:一只只鴿子執(zhí)行任務(wù)的表現(xiàn)很完美,表明鴿子的行為是可以控制的。不過(guò),最終委員會(huì)還是否決了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。(現(xiàn)在,我們知道,那時(shí)的軍事重點(diǎn)已轉(zhuǎn)向曼哈頓計(jì)劃。)留給斯金納的只有“<span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>一大堆奇怪的無(wú)用設(shè)備,以及幾十只已經(jīng)對(duì)新澤西海岸情有獨(dú)鐘的鴿子</strong></span>”。</span></section>
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<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"></section>
<section style="margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: 微軟雅黑, Microsoft YaHei;"><span style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.8px; caret-color: #ff0000;"><strong>死掉的虹鱒魚(yú)也會(huì)游泳,甚至能逆流而上</strong> </span></span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">當(dāng)水或氣體經(jīng)過(guò)障礙物時(shí)會(huì)在后方形成卡門渦街。<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)博士James C. Liao</span>發(fā)現(xiàn)虹鱒魚(yú)在遇到卡門渦街時(shí)會(huì)改變游泳姿態(tài),增大搖擺幅度,恰好和卡門渦街匹配。其他魚(yú)類中從來(lái)沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的現(xiàn)象,他將這種游泳姿態(tài)稱為<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>卡門步態(tài)</strong></span>,2003年發(fā)表在<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">《科學(xué)》</span>(<em>Science</em>)上。</span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">事情到這里看起來(lái)還算正常,但很快情況很快詭異了起來(lái)。在2006年一篇發(fā)表在<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: underline;">《流體物理學(xué)雜志》</span>(<em>Journal of Fluid Mechanics</em>)的論文中,James C. Liao發(fā)現(xiàn)卡門步態(tài)中的虹鱒只動(dòng)用了一小撮肌肉,甚至無(wú)需大腦參與??ㄩT步態(tài)實(shí)在是太節(jié)能了,<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>節(jié)能到死虹鱒都能在卡門渦街中游出卡門步態(tài)</strong></span>,甚至還能逆流而上。死虹鱒和活虹鱒在卡門渦街里的泳姿完全相同(新鮮的死魚(yú)才可以,腌成咸魚(yú)肯定不行)。唯一的區(qū)別是,<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>生魚(yú)憂患</strong></span>,它能看到前方的障礙物,所以能及時(shí)剎車不撞上去;<span style="font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>死魚(yú)安樂(lè)</strong></span>,它只是機(jī)械地往前游,最終會(huì)撞到產(chǎn)生卡門渦街的障礙物。</span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;">想喝牛奶,不要讓奶牛緊張</span></strong></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">奶農(nóng)們可能會(huì)熟悉:在擠奶開(kāi)始時(shí),一些奶牛會(huì)傾向于“保留”牛奶。1931年,美國(guó)肯塔基農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)站的Fordyce Ely和William E. Petersen(均已離世)想要更多地了解奶牛排出牛奶的生理過(guò)程,于是他們嘗試</span><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;">在一只站在牛背上的貓旁邊引爆紙袋</span><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">,探索牛了如何以及何時(shí)噴奶。</span></span></section>
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<section style="text-align: justify; margin: 0px 5px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: #505050;"><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; color: #505050; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei';">他們嘗試在給奶牛連接機(jī)械擠奶器時(shí),將一只貓放在這一奶牛的背上,然后每十秒爆炸一次紙袋,持續(xù)2分鐘。顯然,光是爆炸紙袋就足夠令牛震驚了——<strong><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;">結(jié)果是,一滴牛奶不都會(huì)有</span></strong>,而“可愛(ài)的貓后來(lái)因?yàn)椴槐匾?lt;span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;"><strong>被取消了</strong></span>”。兩位研究者得出的結(jié)論是,由于血液中存在腎上腺素,<strong><span style="text-indent: 0em; caret-color: red; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.81em; font-family: 微軟雅黑, 'Microsoft YaHei'; color: #2e68e2;">腎上腺素會(huì)阻止肌肉收縮,因此奶牛不會(huì)排出牛奶</span></strong>。相反,血液中的催產(chǎn)素則會(huì)促使奶牛乳腺導(dǎo)管的肌肉收縮,釋放乳汁。這么復(fù)雜的生物機(jī)制,確實(shí)值得搞笑諾獎(jiǎng)的生物學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)</span></span></section>
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